International Journal of Cancer Management
Volume:7 Issue: 1, Winter 2014

The macrophages role within the tumor microenvironment has amended by a variety of factors, thus serves a vital role in tissue morphogenesis. The role of macrophages in health and disease differs enormously as the macrophage has shown dual functions. Macrophage has a basic role in antigen presentation serving as the first line of defense in diseases. However the presence of cytokines and growth factors, both together have regulated the macrophage to become negative effectors promoting tumor activity. Hence macrophages are a double edged weapon, and any imbalance in the regulatory mechanisms caused a shift from tumoricidal to tumorigenic activities. TAMs would be the main reason of the invasion in tumor microenvironment enhancing as well as tumor invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis promoting tumor genesis. Macrophages are the multifunctional cells which have conducted by the tumor cells to produce tumor promoting factors that enable the stimulation of angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion. This fact has resulted initiation or promotion of tumor genesis, where the tumor has progressed to an upper malignant stage. The present review has focused on the tumor associated macrophages and their roles in tumor genesis.

The present study has investigated the effectiveness of group logo therapy to increase the hope among the leukemic patients. This research has composed of 80 leukemic patients who have referred to Golestan Hospital in 2012 fall, and then have responded to the Snyder’s Hope Scale, The research design has included pre - post - and follow up tests with a control group. First, both groups have responded to the pre-tests. Then the experimental group has received 10 sessions of counseling through group logo therapy; however, the control group has not received any specific training. Afterwards, both groups have undergone a post-test. After an interval of one month, follow-up tests have implemented in order to evaluate the permanency of the given tests. The SPSS software and covariance analysis tests have used in order to analyze the resulted tests data, and Cronbach alpha method has measured reliability coefficient. The research results have shown that logo therapy training might increase the hope of the leukemic patients (p<0.0001); moreover, permanency assessment of this study has shown the same result (p<0.0001). Group logo therapy could be effective on the hope of the leukemic patients, and then this effect would be permanent.

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have been common in daily life all over the world. They have produced by power lines and electrical appliances, but higher levels of them have raised a lot of concerns about their carcinogenesis. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have suggested that EMFs might increase cancer incidence, including acute childhood leukemia, brain and breast cancer. In the present study, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line has exposed to 2mT, 50 Hz magnetic field for 3 h. Next, effect of this exposure on protein expression including over-expression or under-expression has assessed by proteomics. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis using progenesis same spot software on the obtained 2D electrophoresis has shown that expression of 189 proteins in exposed group has changed relative to control. Besides, PCA analysis has verified results of clustering, and has shown that protein data has clustered according to experimental conditions. The results of this study have shown that ELF-EMF changes cell morphology via altering protein expression, but more profound studies have needed to determine the kind of proteins altered.

Being diagnosed with cancer has major impacts on a patient’s life. This study was conducted to explore how specific daily activities of patients change as a result of cancer diagnosis or its treatment and how these patients feel about such changes. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Cancer patients referred to our clinics and by completing a questionnaire, they reported their daily activities and how they changed after diagnosis. A total of 201 patients in Canada and 167 patients in Iran completed the questionnaire. The research setting was the outpatient cancer clinics of the Jewish General Hospital in Montreal, Canada (February to April 2008) and Imam Reza Hospital and Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran (March to August 2008). More than 40 percent of the patients reported changes after the diagnosis in at least 8 out of 22 daily activities listed in the questionnaire. While a negative perception towards the changes was more common, some patients also perceived some changes as positive. More than half of the participants (56.9%) who were employed at the time of diagnosis experienced changes in the amount or type of their paid work after being diagnosed with cancer. The impact of a cancer diagnosis and treatment on a patient’s daily activities is drastic. There is a need to provide support and interventions to help patients maintain daily activities they need and/or like. Further studies are needed to better understand the nature of such interventions.

This prospective study was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacies of nasopharyngoscopy and CT scan in the diagnosis of local failure of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Total 52 patients of histopathologically proven nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), were included in this study. For every patient computed tomography (CT), nasopharyngoscopy and nasopharyngeal biopsies were performed 3 months after completion of EBRT. Three months after completion of EBRT, 9 patients (17.3%) had evident disease on histological examination of biopsies. Nasopharyngoscopy showed 77.78% sensitivity, 93.03% specificity, 70% positive predictive value and 95.24% negative predictive value in diagnosing the residual/recurrence of tumor. There was statistically significant agreement between the endoscopic findings and the histological findings (Kappa reliability coefficient=0.562, p<0.01). On the other hand, CT scan showed a 55.56% sensitivity, 39.53% specificity, 16.13% positive predictive value and 80.95% negative predictive value in diagnosing the residual tumor/recurrence. There was no statistically significant agreement between the CT scan findings and the histological findings (Kappa reliability coefficient = 0.038, p>0.05). Nasopharyngoscopy should be considered the primary follow-up tool after radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CT scan should be reserved for patients with histological or any symptomatic indications. Routine postnasal biopsies are not required.

Alpha particle irradiation from radon progeny is one of the major natural sources of effective dose in the public population. Oncogenic transformation is a biological effectiveness of radon progeny alpha particle hits. The biological effects which has caused by exposure to radon, were the main result of a complex series of physical, chemical, biological and physiological interactions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms for radon-induced carcinogenesis have not been clear yet. Various biological models, including cultured cells and animals, have been found useful for studying the carcinogenesis effects of radon progeny alpha particles. In this paper, sugars cape cellular automata have been presented for computational study of complex biological effect of radon progeny alpha particles in lung bronchial airways. The model has included mechanism of DNA damage, which has been induced alpha particles hits, and then formation of transformation in the lung cells. Biomarkers were an objective measure or evaluation of normal or abnormal biological processes. In the model, the metabolism rate of infected cell has been induced alpha particles traversals, as a biomarker, has been followed to reach oncogenic transformation. The model results have successfully validated in comparison with “in vitro oncogenic transformation data” for C3H 10T1/2 cells. This model has provided an opportunity to study the cellular and molecular changes, at the various stages in radiation carcinogenesis, involving human cells. It has become well known that simulation could be used to investigate complex biomedical systems, in situations where traditional methodologies were difficult or too costly to employ.

Breast Cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in Iranian women, meanwhile the Iranian patients are relatively young. Granzyme H (GZMH) is a functional cytotoxic serine protease of NK cell granules, which expands the cell death-inducing repertoire of innate immune system. GZMH is constitutively and highly expressed in human NK cells, in order to possess chymotrypsin-like (chymase) enzymatic activity. The purpose of this study was to determine GZMH level, in BC and healthy women. 30 breast cancer patients, and 30 control women in premenopausal status, have participated in this study. GZMH, Estrogen levels, and ER,PR have been measured in cancer and healthy women subsequently, as using ELISA, Radioimmunoassay, and Immunohistochemistry methods. Mean GZMH value was lower in BC than healthy women (p<0.0001). our study has implicated suppressor existence, or the problem for producing of GZMH in patients group, and levels of estrogen that could not effect on making positive ER, PR.

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an unusual extramedullary tumor composed of immature granulocytic precursor cells. The intraoral occurrence of this tumor is extremely rare. Here we report a case of GS with palatal swelling, gingival lesions in maxilla and mandible and aleukemic presentation in a 45 years old man.

Oral cancer has emerged as a significant cause of global public health concern in both developing and developed nations. Multiple socio-demographic and habit-related risk factors have been attributed to causing oral cancer. A diverse array of challenges exists in the global campaign to address the burden of oral cancer. Such challenges have served as barriers to the early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer, thus impacting the scope of the public health benefit and chances for survival. Oral health screening services should be integrated into National Public Health Programs and the development of an evidence-base on strategies which focus on primary prevention and community health education will assist in efforts to detect and treat oral cancer at earlier stages in the epidemiology of the disease.